The Moon Affects Ocean Tides...

Moon Tides
How The Moon Affects Ocean Tides...
The word "tides" is a generic term used to define the alternating rise and fall in sea level with respect to the land, produced by the gravitational attraction of the moon and the sun. To a much smaller extent, tides also occur in large lakes, the atmosphere, and within the solid crust of the earth, acted upon by these same gravitational forces of the moon and sun.
What are Lunar TidesTides are created because the Earth and the moon are attracted to each other, just like magnets are attracted to each other. The moon tries to pull at anything on the Earth to bring it closer. But, the Earth is able to hold onto everything except the water. Since the water is always moving, the Earth cannot hold onto it, and the moon is able to pull at it. Each day, there are two high tides and two low tides. The ocean is constantly moving from high tide to low tide, and then back to high tide. There is about 12 hours and 25 minutes between the two high tides.

Tides are the periodic rise and falling of large bodies of water. Winds and currents move the surface water causing waves. The gravitational attraction of the moon causes the oceans to bulge out in the direction of the moon. Another bulge occurs on the opposite side, since the Earth is also being pulled toward the moon (and away from the water on the far side). Ocean levels fluctuate daily as the sun, moon and earth interact. As the moon travels around the earth and as they, together, travel around the sun, the combined gravitational forces cause the world's oceans to rise and fall. Since the earth is rotating while this is happening, two tides occur each day.
What are the different types of TidesWhen the sun and moon are aligned, there are exceptionally strong gravitational forces, causing very high and very low tides which are called spring tides, though they have nothing to do with the season. When the sun and moon are not aligned, the gravitational forces cancel each other out, and the tides are not as dramatically high and low. These are called neap tides.
Spring TidesWhen the moon is full or new, the gravitational pull of the moon and sun are combined. At these times, the high tides are very high and the low tides are very low. This is known as a spring high tide. Spring tides are especially strong tides (they do not have anything to do with the season Spring). They occur when the Earth, the Sun, and the Moon are in a line. The gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun both contribute to the tides. Spring tides occur during the full moon and the new moon. Neap TidesDuring the moon's quarter phases the sun and moon work at right angles, causing the bulges to cancel each other. The result is a smaller difference between high and low tides and is known as a neap tide. Neap tides are especially weak tides. They occur when the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun are perpendicular to one another (with respect to the Earth). Neap tides occur during quarter moons.

The Proxigean Spring Tide is a rare, unusually high tide. This very high tide occurs when the moon is both unusually close to the Earth (at its closest perigee, called the proxigee) and in the New Moon phase (when the Moon is between the Sun and the Earth). The proxigean spring tide occurs at most once every 1.5 years.
High Tide / Low Tide Examples
A view of the tides at Halls Harbour on Nova Scotia's Bay of Fundy. This is a time lapse of the tidal rise and fall over a period of six and a half hours. During the next six hours of ebb the fishermen unload their boats on the dock. That's a high tide every 12 and 1/2 hours! There are two high tides every 25 hours.
A Few Facts About Lunar Tides
The gravitational force of the moon is one ten-millionth that of earth, but when you combine other forces such as the earth's centrifugal force created by its spin, you get tides.
The sun's gravitational force on the earth is only 46 percent that of the moon. Making the moon the single most important factor for the creation of tides.
The sun's gravity also produces tides. But since the forces are smaller, as compared to the moon, the effects are greatly decreased.
Tides are not caused by the direct pull of the moon's gravity. The moon is pulling upwards on the water while the earth is pulling downward. Slight advantage to the moon and thus we have tides.
Whenever the Moon, Earth and Sun are aligned, the gravitational pull of the sun adds to that of the moon causing maximum tides.
Spring tides happen when the sun and moon are on the same side of the earth (New Moon) or when the sun and moon are on opposite sides of the earth (Full Moon).
When the Moon is at first quarter or last quarter phase (meaning that it is located at right angles to the Earth-Sun line), the Sun and Moon interfere with each other in producing tidal bulges and tides are generally weaker; these are called neap tides.
Spring tides and neap tide levels are about 20% higher or lower than average.
Offshore, in the deep ocean, the difference in tides is usually less than 1.6 feet
The surf grows when it approaches a beach, and the tide increases. In bays and estuaries, this effect is amplified. (In the Bay of Fundy, tides have a range of 44.6 ft.)
The highest tides in the world are at the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia, Canada.
Because the earth rotates on its axis the moon completes one orbit in our sky every 25 hours (Not to be confused with moon's 27 day orbit around the earth), we get two tidal peaks as well as two tidal troughs. These events are separated by about 12 hours.
Since the moon moves around the Earth, it is not always in the same place at the same time each day. So, each day, the times for high and low tides change by 50 minutes.
The type of gravitational force that causes tides is know as "Tractive" force.
FAQs About Lunar Tides From - "The Astronomy Cafe"
Why are there no ocean tides at the equator?"Tides are a very complex phenomenon. For any particular location, their height and fluctuation in time depends to varying degrees on the location of the Sun and the Moon, and to the details of the shape of the beach, coastline, coastline depth and prevailing ocean currents. The tidal bulge of the Moon follows along the path on the earth's surface which intersects with the orbital plane of the Moon. This plane is tilted about 23 degrees with respect to the equatorial plane of the earth. The result is that near the equator, the difference between high tide and low tide is actually rather small, compared to other latitudes. To see this, draw a circle inscribed in an ellipse, with the major axis of the ellipse rotated by 23 degrees with respect to the circle's horizontal diameter. Now measure the height of the elliptical contour just above the 'equator' of the circle. You will see that it is quite small compared to other positions on earth, particularly at latitudes of 23 degrees or so. Even larger differences can occur depending on the shape of a bay or inlet or continental shelf." - Dr. Odenwald's ASK THE ASTRONOMERWhy are ocean tides so different everywhere?"Because they depend on many factors including the geometry of your local coastline, and exactly where the Sun and Moon are located. Also, like the surface of a vibrating drum, the world oceans have vibratory modes that get stimulated in changing ways from minute to minute. Finally, there are storms at sea and elsewhere which move large quantities of water. Detailed forecasts are available for high and low tides in all sea ports." - Dr. Odenwald's ASK THE ASTRONOMER Why aren't the Atlantic and Pacific coast tides the same?"The nature of tides on the Earth's oceans is very complex. The oceans are, of course, being periodically 'forced' by a number of tidal sources including the Moon and the Sun, but this forcing has a number of different periods and harmonics. The two dominant periods are sue to the Sun and Moon, these are referred to as the S1 and M2 'modes' which have roughly 12 hour periods because they raise TWO water tides on the ocean diametrically opposite each other. But, for a variety of reasons, any given port will not have two high and two low tides each day; also called 'semi-diurnal tides'. A careful monitoring of the tides at any port for several years will show that in addition to the major modes, there are as many as 300 minor or 'harmonic' modes as well.
The World Ocean is a complex dynamical system. The natural velocity of a water disturbance depends on the depth and salinity of the water at each point it passes. When bodies of land circumscribe bodies of water, they produce a collection of resonating systems that favor water oscillations with certain frequencies over others. From among the 300+ harmonics that can be measured, every port and coastal location has its own unique signature depending on its latitude, longitude, water depth and salinity. The result is that the 'two high two low' tide rule can be strongly modified so that the time between successive high tides can be greater than or less that 12 hours in many cases. The result is that for some locations, there can be days when only one high tide occurs. Looking at the Atlantic and Pacific Coast tide tables for 1995, the data for the various 'Standard Ports' showed that virtually all days had two high tides and two low tides in San Diego, San Francisco, New York and Charleston. There were, however a few days every few months when only a single high tide occurred." - Dr. Odenwald's ASK THE ASTRONOMER What is a Proxigean Spring Tide?"The Moon follows an elliptical path around the Earth which has a perigee distance of 356,400 kilometers, which is about 92.7 percent of its mean distance. Because tidal forces vary as the third power of distance, this little 8 percent change translates into 25 percent increase in the tide- producing ability of the Moon upon the Earth. If the lunar perigee occurs when the Moon is between the Sun and the Earth, it produces unusually high Spring high tides. When it occurs on the opposite side from the Earth that where the Sun is located ( during full moon) it produces unusually low, Neap Tides. The High, High Tide is called the Proxigean Spring Tide and it occurs not more than once every 1.5 years. Some occurrences are more favorable that others.
A very interesting book "Tidal Dynamics" by Fergus J. Wood, published in 1986 by Reidel Publishing Company, talks at great length about these tides, and their environmental consequences.
Because of the gravitational nature of the interaction between the Earth, the Moon, and the water on the Earth, there is a curious amplification event called 'evection' that occurs when the Moon is at its closest 'perigee' distance called its 'proxigee'. The Moon draws even closer to the Earth than its ordinary perigee distance. Because of the complex dynamics of the Earth's oceans, their inertia, friction with the ocean floor, internal viscosity and the distribution of the continents, the maximum tides do not always coincide with the optimal times of proxigee. Still, these tides can produce enormous damage when all factors come together optimally. There are many recorded instances of unusually high storm or coastal flooding during the proxigean times. On January 9, 1974 the Los Angeles Times reported 'Giant Waves Pound Southland Coast". During the last 400 years, there have been 39 instances or 'Extreme Proxigean Spring Tides' where the tide-producing severity has been near the theoretical maximum. The last one of these was on March 7 1995 at 22:00 hours Greenwich Civil Time during a lunar Full Moon. There were, in fact cases of extreme tidal flooding recorded during these particular spring tides which occur once every 31 years." - Dr. Odenwald's ASK THE ASTRONOMER If the Moon were to escape, what would happen to the Earth's oceans?"What happens is that the lunar water tides on the Earth go away, but the solar water tides still occur, but with about 1/3 or so the amplitude. There are still daily high and low tides, but they would be noticeably smaller. There would be no 'Spring' or 'Neap' tides, however."- Dr. Odenwald's ASK THE ASTRONOMER Why does the Moon produce TWO water tides on the Earth and not just one?"It is intuitively easy to understand why the gravitational pull of the Moon should produce a water tide on the Earth in the part of the ocean closest to the moon along the line connecting the center of the Moon with the center of the Earth. But in fact not one but TWO water tides are produced under which the Earth rotates every day to produce about two high tides and two low tides every day. How come?
It is not the gravitational force that is doing it, but the change in the gravitational force across the body of the Earth. If you were to plot the pattern of the Moon's 'tidal' gravitational force added to the Earth's own gravitational force, at the Earth's surface, you would be able to resolve the force vectors at different latitudes and longitudes into a radial component directed towards the Earth's center, and a component tangential to the Earth's surface. On the side nearest the moon, the 'differential' gravitational force is directed toward the Moon showing that for particles on the Earth's surface, they are being tugged slightly towards the Moon because the force of the Moon is slightly stronger at the Earth's surface than at the Earth's center which is an additional 6300 kilometers from the Moon. On the far side of the Earth, the Moon is tugging on the center of the Earth slightly stronger than it is on the far surface, so the resultant force vector is directed away from the Earth's center.
The net result of this is that the Earth gets deformed into a slightly squashed, ellipsoidal shape due to these tidal forces. This happens because if we resolve the tidal forces at each point on the Earth into a local vertical and horizontal component, the horizontal components are not zero, and are directed towards the two points along the line connecting the Earth and the Moon's centers. These horizontal forces cause rock and water to feel a gravitational force which results in the flow of rock and water into the 'tidal bulges'. There will be exactly two of these bulges. At exactly the positions of the tidal bulges where the Moon is at the zenith and at the nadir positions, there are no horizontal tidal forces and the flow stops. The water gets piled up, and the only effect is to slightly lower the weight of the water along the vertical direction.
Another way of thinking about this is that the gravitational force of the Moon causes the Earth to accelerate slightly towards the Moon causing the water to get pulled towards the Moon faster than the solid rock on the side nearest the Moon. On the far side, the solid Earth 'leaves behind' some of the water which is not as strongly accelerated towards the Moon as the Earth is. This produces the bulge on the 'back side' of the Earth."- Dr. Odenwald's ASK THE ASTRONOMER What Causes Tides?"There are several kinds of tides. The ones that break upon a beach every 10 seconds to a minute are caused by sea level disturbances out in the ocean produced by such things as storms. Also, the various circulation currents of sea water can have velocity components directed towards the land which will bring water up onto the beach. As this water travels towards the beach from deep water to shallow water, its amplitude will increase until it finally 'breaks' as a full-fledged breaker, suitable for surfing etc.
Now, underlying this minute to minute activity is a slower water wave which causes an alternating pattern of high-tide, low-tide, high-tide, low-tide in most places on the Earth that are directly on the ocean. This roughly 6 hour cycle is caused by the gravitational tugging of the Moon upon the Earth. This 'tidal' pull causes the shape of the solid Earth to be not perfectly round by something like a few dozen yards over its entire 27,000 mile circumference. The Earth gets distorted a small bit, but because it is solid rock its a small effect. The water in the oceans, however, gets distorted into a roughly ellipsoidal ( football-like) shape with a much larger amplitude. The orientation of this shape changes from minute to minute as the Moon orbits the Earth, which is why the high and low tide times change all the time. The Moon causes these tides by deforming the oceans, and as the Earth rotates under this ocean bulge, it causes a high tide to propagate onto beaches. Because there are two bulges, we get two high tides, and also two low tides each day.
The Sun also causes tides on the Earth because even though it is so far away, it is very massive. These solar tides are about half as strong as the ones produced by the Moon, and they cause the so-called Spring tides and the Neap Tides. When the bulge of ocean water raised by the Moon is added the a similar tidal bulge raised by the Sun, you get a higher, high tide called the Spring Tide. When the solar low tide is added to the lunar low tide, you get the Neap Tide.
There may be even weaker tides caused by the gravitational influences of the planets Mars and Venus, but they are probably lost in the daily noise of individual tides."- Dr. Odenwald's ASK THE ASTRONOMER When the Earth, Moon and Sun are aligned for Spring Tides, are they highest at Full or New Moon?"Spring tides are about the same height whether at New or Full Moon, because the tidal bulge occurs on both sides of the Earth...the side toward the Moon ( or sun) and the side away from the Moon (or Sun). They will not be equally high because the distance between the Earth and Sun, and the Earth and Moon both vary and so will their tide producing effectiveness. The highest Spring tides occur when the Moon is at its closest to the Earth...the so-called Perigee Tide."- Dr. Odenwald's ASK THE ASTRONOMER

Colonial India (16th century - 1947) COINS

Colonial coinage
British India The British expanded their influence from their footholds in Indian until, by the 1850s, they controlled most of the Indian sub-continent, which included present-day Pakistan and Bangladesh. In 1857, a rebellion in northern India led by mutinous Indian soldiers caused the British Parliament to transfer all political power from the East India Company to the Crown. Britain began administering most of India directly, while controlling the rest through treaties with local rulers. From 1830, the defeat of the Thugs played a part in securing establishing greater control of diverse Indian provinces for the British.
	Bombay Presidency
	Bombay Presidency, AR rupee, in the name of Alamgir II (1754-1759), minted 1243 AH = 1827 AD. 22mm, 11.5g. Islamic inscriptions, date (1243). VF. Mint of Bombay, Krause 45. Stock #22974.	US$ 17.50 SOLD
	Bombay Presidency, AR rupee, in the name of Alamgir II (1754-1759), minted 1234AH = 1818 AD. 22mm, 11.5g. Islamic inscriptions, date (1234). VF. Mint of Bombay, Krause 45 var. Stock #22975.	US$ 15.00
The next few lots are the very first coins ever minted by the British in India. They are large copper paise (or "copperoon", as the British called them). These are very rare and are priced at 30$ in Krause in Good condition. The coins we are offering are of much higher quality than these are usually found in and are very rarely seen.
	Rare! Large paise ("copperoon") from Bombay, British issue, 1678. 20mm, 13.9. MONETA BOMBAYE ANGLICI REGIMS ANDO / East India Company's coat of arms (with three ships) within a dotted border, no inscriptions. VF/F for the type, with the original greenish patina. Mint of Bombay, Krause 87, rare! Stock #23704.	US$ 35.00 SOLD
	Rare! Large paise ("copperoon") from Bombay, British issue, 1678. 20mm, 13.5. MONETA BOMBAYE ANGLICI REGIMS ANDO / East India Company's coat of arms (with three ships) within a dotted border, no inscriptions. VF/F for the type, with the original greenish patina. Mint of Bombay, Krause 87, rare! Stock #24035.	US$ 36.00
	Rare! Large paise ("copperoon") from Bombay, British issue, 1678. 20mm, 14.0g. MONETA BOMBAYE ANGLICI REGIMS ANDO / East India Company's coat of arms (with three ships) within a dotted border, no inscriptions. aVF for the type, with the original greenish patina. Mint of Bombay, Krause 87, rare! Stock #23704.	US$ 35.00 SOLD
	Rare! Large paise ("copperoon") from Bombay, British issue, 1678. 20mm, 13.7g. MONETA BOMBAYE ANGLICI REGIMS ANDO / East India Company's coat of arms (with three ships) within a dotted border, no inscriptions. aVF for the type, with the original greenish patina. Mint of Bombay, Krause 87, rare! Stock #24033.	US$ 35.00
	Rare! Large paise ("copperoon") from Bombay, British issue, 1678. 20mm, 14.2g. MONETA BOMBAYE ANGLICI REGIMS ANDO / East India Company's coat of arms (with three ships) within a dotted border, no inscriptions. aVF for the type, with the original greenish patina. Mint of Bombay, Krause 87, rare! Stock #24034.	US$ 34.00
	Rare! Large paise ("copperoon") from Bombay, British issue, 1678. 20mm, 14.0g. MONETA BOMBAYE ANGLICI REGIMS ANDO / East India Company's coat of arms (with three ships) within a dotted border, no inscriptions. aVF for the type, with the original greenish patina. Mint of Bombay, Krause 87, rare! Stock #23702.	US$ 40.00 SOLD
	Silver rupee of William IV, (1830-1837), issued in 1835 by East India Company, India. WILLIAM IIII, KING, William IV facing right / EAST INDIA COMPANY, denomination within wreath, given in English and Persian characters, 1835 underneath. 30 mm, 11.7 grams. Krause 874. Stock #24008.	US$ 28.00
	Silver rupee of William IV, (1830-1837), issued in 1835 by East India Company, India. WILLIAM IIII, KING, William IV facing right / EAST INDIA COMPANY, denomination within wreath, given in English and Persian characters, 1835 underneath. 30 mm, 11.7 grams. Krause 874. Stock #24005.	US$ 28.00 SOLD
	Silver rupee of William IV, (1830-1837), issued in 1835 by East India Company, India. WILLIAM IIII, KING, William IV facing right / EAST INDIA COMPANY, denomination within wreath, given in English and Persian characters, 1835 underneath. 30 mm, 11.7 grams. Krause 874. Stock #24007.	US$ 30.00
	Silver rupee of William IV, (1830-1837), issued in 1835 by East India Company, India. WILLIAM IIII, KING, William IV facing right / EAST INDIA COMPANY, denomination within wreath, given in English and Persian characters, 1835 underneath. 30 mm, 11.7 grams. Krause 874. Stock #24006.	US$ 30.00 SOLD
	Superb silver rupee of Victoria (1837-1901), East India Company, India. VICTORIA QUEEN, Young bust left / ONE RUPEE within wreath, EAST INDIA COMPANY around, date (1840) underneath. 30mm, 11.4 grams. Stock #24022.	US$ 22.00
	Superb silver rupee of Victoria (1837-1901), East India Company, India. VICTORIA QUEEN, Young bust left / ONE RUPEE within wreath, EAST INDIA COMPANY around, date (1840) underneath. 30mm, 11.3 grams. Stock #24023.	US$ 24.00 SOLD
	Superb silver rupee of Victoria (1837-1901), East India Company, India. VICTORIA QUEEN, Young bust left / ONE RUPEE within wreath, EAST INDIA COMPANY around, date (1840) underneath. 30mm, 11.3 grams. Stock #24024.	US$ 25.00 SOLD
	Superb silver rupee of Victoria (1837-1901), East India Company, India. VICTORIA QUEEN, Young bust left / ONE RUPEE within wreath, EAST INDIA COMPANY around, date (1840) underneath. 30mm, 11.4 grams. Stock #24025	US$ 24.00
	Superb silver rupee of Victoria (1837-1901), East India Company, India. VICTORIA QUEEN, Young bust left / ONE RUPEE within wreath, EAST INDIA COMPANY around, date (1840) underneath. 30mm, 11.3 grams. Stock #24021	US$ 22.00 SOLD
	Superb silver rupee of Edward VII (1901-1910), India. EDWARD VII KING & EMPEROR, bearded bust left / ONE RUPEE INDIA within wreath under crown, date (1903) underneath. 30mm, 11.3 grams. Stock #24016	US$ 25.00 SOLD
	Superb silver rupee of Edward VII (1901-1910), India. EDWARD VII KING & EMPEROR, bearded bust left / ONE RUPEE INDIA within wreath under crown, date (1903) underneath. 30mm, 11.4 grams. Stock #24017	US$ 26.00
	High quality silver rupee of George V (1910-1936), India. George facing left, GEORGE V KING & EMPEROR / ONE/RUPEE/INDIA/1917 within wreath. Superb high grade! 30mm, 11.4 grams. Stock #24017	US$ 18.00
	High quality silver rupee of George V (1910-1936), India. George facing left, GEORGE V KING & EMPEROR / ONE/RUPEE/INDIA/1917 within wreath. Superb high grade! 30mm, 11.4 grams. Stock #24019	US$ 18.00
	High quality silver rupee of George V (1910-1936), India. George facing left, GEORGE V KING & EMPEROR / ONE/RUPEE/INDIA/1912 within wreath. Superb high grade! 30mm, 11.3 grams. Stock #24018	US$ 20.00 SOLD
Danish India (mint of Tranquebar) The Danes got their main trading post in India on the Coromandel coast, at the delta of the Cauvery river in 1620 (some 10 km North of the French enclave of Karikal and 30 of Negapatnam). The original name of Tarangambadi ("the singing surf" in Tamil) was changed to Tranquebar in Danish. Tranquebar remained Danish for 225 years, until it was sold, together with Frederiksnagore, to the British in 1845. The Danish, who had already abandoned their factory in Colachel in 1824, officially handed over also the Nicobar islands - called by them "Frederik Islands" - to the British in 1868.
	Frederick III (1648-1670)
	Very nice 2 kash, Danish India, Frederick IV (1699-1730), 10mm. F3 monogram under crown / DB (Danisborg) on reverse. EF/VG, reverse weakly struck. Rare. Stock #21094.	US$ 20.00 SOLD
	Christian V (1670-1699)
	Very nice 2 kash, Danish India, Christian V (1670-1699), 10mm. C5 monogram under crown / DC under crown. aEF/G, reverse weakly struck. Brown patina, excellent condition for these, rare! Stock #21097.	US$ 15.00 SOLD
	Very nice 2 kash, Danish India, Christian V (1670-1699), 10mm. C5 monogram under crown / DC under crown. aEF/G, reverse weakly struck. Brown patina, excellent condition for these, rare! Stock #21099.	US$ 16.00 SOLD
	Frederick IV (1699-1730)
	Very nice 2 kash, Danish India, Frederick IV (1699-1730), 10mm. F4 monogram under crown / DOC under crown. VF/F. Brown patina, excellent condition. Stock #21079.	US$ 14.00
	Very nice 2 kash, Danish India, Frederick IV (1699-1730), 10mm. F4 monogram under crown / DOC under crown. aVF, a bit rough. Brown patina, excellent condition. Stock #21081.	US$ 14.00
	Very nice 2 kash, Danish India, Frederick IV (1699-1730), 10mm. F4 monogram under crown / DOC under crown. aVF, a bit rough, obverse flan flaw. Brown patina, excellent condition. Stock #21082.	US$ 12.00 SOLD
	Very nice 2 kash, Danish India, Frederick IV (1699-1730), 10mm. F4 monogram under crown / DOC under crown. aVF, a bit rough, obverse flan flaw. Brown patina, excellent condition. Stock #21085.	US$ 11.00
	Very nice 2 kash, Danish India, Frederick IV (1699-1730), 10mm. F4 monogram under crown / DOC under crown. aVF. Brown patina, excellent condition. Stock #21106.	US$ 9.00
	Very nice 2 kash, Danish India, Frederick IV (1699-1730), 10mm. F4 monogram under crown / DOC under crown. aVF, a bit rough. Brown patina, excellent condition. Stock #21093.	US$ 7.00 SOLD
	Very nice 2 kash, Danish India, Frederick IV (1699-1730), 10mm. F4 monogram under crown / DOC under crown. aVF, obverse flan flaw. Brown patina, excellent condition. Stock #21090.	US$ 10.00
	Very nice 2 kash, Danish India, Frederick IV (1699-1730), 10mm. F4 monogram under crown / DOC under crown. aVF, obverse flan flaw. Brown patina, excellent condition. Stock #21100.	US$ 10.00
	Christian VI (1730-1746)
	Very nice 4 kash, Danish India, Christian VI (1730-1746). DAC (Danish Asiatic Company) under crown, 4 underneath / CG under crown. Brown patina, excellent condition, rare this nice. Very large planchet, 17mm in diameter. Stock #22018.	US$ 20.00
	Very nice 2 kash, Danish India, Christian VI (1730-1746). DAC (Danish Asiatic Company) under crown, / Christian's monogram under crown. Brown patina, excellent condition, rare this nice. Planchet flaw on reverse. Stock #21080.	US$ 10.00 SOLD
	Very nice 2 kash, Danish India, Christian VI (1730-1746). DAC (Danish Asiatic Company) under crown, / Christian's monogram under crown. Brown patina, excellent condition, rare this nice. Planchet flaw on obverse. Stock #21084.	US$ 10.00
	Very nice 2 kash, Danish India, Christian VI (1730-1746). DAC (Danish Asiatic Company) under crown, / Christian's monogram under crown. Brown patina, excellent condition, rare this nice. Scarce type. Stock #21096.	US$ 12.00
	Extremely nice 2 kash, Danish India, Christian VI (1730-1746). DAC (Danish Asiatic Company) under crown, / Christian's monogram under crown. Brown patina, excellent condition, rare this nice. Stock #21098.	US$ 15.00
	2 kash, Danish India, Christian VI (1730-1746). DAC (Danish Asiatic Company) under crown, / Christian's monogram under crown. Brown patina, excellent condition. Stock #21101.	US$ 10.00
	Extremely nice 2 kash, Danish India, Christian VI (1730-1746). DAC (Danish Asiatic Company) under crown, / Christian's monogram under crown. Brown patina, excellent condition, rare this nice. Stock #21105.	US$ 15.00
	Very nice 1 kash, Danish India, Christian VI (1730-1746). DOC (Danish Asiatic Company) under crown, / Christian's monogram under crown. Brown patina, excellent condition, rare this nice. Planchet flaw on reverse. Stock #21083.	US$ 12.00
	Very nice 1 kash, Danish India, Christian VI (1730-1746). DOC (Danish Asiatic Company) under crown, / Christian's monogram under crown. Brown patina, excellent condition, rare this nice. Stock #21086.	US$ 7.50 SOLD
	Christian VII (1766-1808)
	Very nice 4 kash, Danish India, Christian VII (1766-1808), 15mm. DAC (Danish Asiatic Company) under crown, 17-7/ / C7 under crown. Brown patina, excellent condition, rare this nice. Stock #22011.	US$ 20.00
	Very nice 4 kash, Danish India, Christian VII (1766-1808), 15mm. DAC (Danish Asiatic Company) under crown, [17]-7/ / C7 under crown. Brown patina, excellent condition, rare this nice. Stock #22019.	US$ 12.50
	Very nice 4 kash, Danish India, Christian VII (1766-1808), 15mm. IV KAS 1786 / C7 under crown. aEF. Beautiful brown patina, excellent condition, rare this nice. Stock #22016.	US$ 21.00
	Very nice 4 kash, Danish India, Christian VII (1766-1808), 15mm. IV KAS 1797 / C7 under crown. Fine. Brown patina, excellent condition, rare this nice. Stock #22012.	US$ 14.00 SOLD
	Very nice 4 kash, Danish India, Christian VII (1766-1808), 14mm. VI (sic) KAS 1800 / C7 under crown. Fine. Brown patina, excellent condition, rare this nice. Stock #22014.	US$ 15.00
	Very nice 4 kash, Danish India, Christian VII (1766-1808), 14mm. VI (sic) KAS, date underneath, struck off flan / C7 under crown. aF. Brown patina. Stock #22015.	US$ 8.00
	Very nice 2 kash, Danish India, Christian VII (1766-1808), 14mm. C7 under crown / DAC, 17-//. EF/aF. Dark brown patina. Stock #21102.	US$ 9.00 SOLD
	Frederick VI (1808-1839)
	Very nice 4 kash, Danish India, Frederick VI (1808-1839), 15mm. IV KAS 1820 / Frederick's monogram under crown. Fine. Brown patina, excellent condition, rare this nice. Stock #22013.	US$ 14.00 SOLD
	Very nice 4 kash, Danish India, Frederick VI (1808-1839), 15mm. IV KAS date struck off flan / Frederick's monogram under crown. VF. Brown patina, excellent condition. Stock #22017.	US$ 14.00 SOLD
	Local imitations
	Very nice 2 kash, Danish India, Local imitation monogram under crown / crude DOC under crown. aVF/F. Brown patina, excellent condition. Stock #21103.	US$ 12.00
Dutch India The Dutch did not have a major presence in India. The towns of Travancore were ruled by the Dutch. However they were more interested in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and their prize of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). They were responsible for training the military of the princely state of Kerala.
	Scarce gold fanam, Dutch India (ca.1700-1784), Tuticorn mint. Degenrated Kali / crude Nagari inscriptions. Good EF, scarce, much scarcer than the common Cochin fanam. Krause 1257. Stock #23515.	US$ 32.00 SOLD
	Scarce gold fanam, Dutch India (ca.1700-1784), Tuticorn mint. Degenrated Kali / crude Nagari inscriptions. Good EF, scarce, much scarcer than the common Cochin fanam. Krause 1257. Stock #23514.	US$ 35.00
	Scarce gold fanam, Dutch India (ca.1700-1784), Negapatnam mint. Degenrated Kali / Stylized boar. "Lazy "J" mintmark. Scarce, much scarcer than the common Cochin fanam. 10mm - exceptionally large! Stock #24093.	US$ 32.50 SOLD
	Scarce gold fanam, Dutch India (ca.1700-1784), Negapatnam mint. Degenrated Kali / Stylized boar. "Lazy "J" mintmark. Scarce, much scarcer than the common Cochin fanam. 8mm. Stock #24096.	US$ 26.00 SOLD
	Scarce gold fanam, Dutch India (ca.1700-1784), Negapatnam mint. Degenrated Kali / Stylized boar. "Lazy "J" mintmark. Scarce, much scarcer than the common Cochin fanam. 8mm. Stock #24092.	US$ 27.50 SOLD
	Scarce gold fanam, Dutch India (ca.1700-1784), Negapatnam mint. Degenrated Kali / Stylized boar. "Lazy "J" mintmark. Scarce, much scarcer than the common Cochin fanam. 8mm. Stock #23831.	US$ 25.00 SOLD
	Dutch West Indies, 1/4 stuver, 1802. 19mm in diameter. VF. scarce. Stock #19380.	US$ 12.00 SOLD
	Dutch West Indies, 1803. 19mm in diameter. VF. scarce. Stock #19382.	US$ 15.00 SOLD
	Dutch West Indies, 1/4 stuver, 1810. 19mm in diameter. VF. scarce. Stock #19381.	US$ 12.50 SOLD
	Dutch west Indies, 1/4 stuver, 1826. 19mm in diameter. VF. Stock #19373.	US$ 7.00 SOLD
French India The French set up base along with the British in the 17th century. They occupied large parts of southern India. However subsequent wars with the British, led to the loss of almost all their territory. They however retained the colonies of Pondicherry -(Pondicherry, Karaikal, Yanam, and Mahé.) and Chandernagore. Pondicherry was ceded to India in 1950.
	Scarce silver rupee in the name of Shah Alamgir II (1753-1759), French-India issue. Persian inscriptions on both sides, date of flan. 20mm, 11.4 grams. Muzulipatham mint, KM-76. Superb and scarce! Stock #24037	US$ 60.00 SOLD
	Scarce silver rupee in the name of Shah Alam II (1759-1806), French-India issue. Persian inscriptions on both sides, dated to 1220 AH and regnal year 25 = 1805 AD. 23mm, 11.4 grams. Arcot mint, KM-46. Superb and scarce! Stock #24011	US$ 30.00
	Scarce silver rupee in the name of Shah Alam II (1759-1806), French-India issue. Persian inscriptions on both sides, dated to 1220 AH and regnal year 25 = 1805 AD. 23mm, 11.4 grams. Arcot mint, KM-46. Superb and scarce! Stock #24012	US$ 32.00 SOLD
	Scarce silver rupee in the name of Shah Alam II (1759-1806), French-India issue. Persian inscriptions on both sides, dated to 1219 AH and regnal year 44 = 1804 AD. 24mm, 11.4 grams. Arcot mint, KM-46. Superb and scarce! Stock #24009	US$ 28.00 SOLD
	Scarce silver rupee in the name of Shah Alam II (1759-1806), French-India issue. Persian inscriptions on both sides, dated to 1220 AH and regnal year 25 = 1805 AD. 23mm, 11.4 grams. Arcot mint, KM-46. Superb and scarce! Stock #24010	US$ 30.00 SOLD
	Very nice French Doudou, French India, 1836. French cock standing, holding sceptre, 1836 underneath / Tamil inscriptions. Pondicherry mint. Nice thick chunky coin, 16mm in diameter. VF, exceptionally nice for these. Stock #22006.	US$ 25.00 SOLD
	Very nice French Doudou, French India, 1836. French cock standing, holding sceptre, 1836 underneath / Tamil inscriptions. Pondicherry mint. Nice thick chunky coin, 16mm in diameter. VF, exceptionally nice for these. Stock #22006.	US$ 25.00 SOLD
	Very nice French Doudou, French India, 1836. French cock standing, holding sceptre, 1836 underneath / Tamil inscriptions. Pondicherry mint. Nice thick chunky coin, 16mm in diameter. VF, exceptionally nice for these. Stock #22006.	US$ 25.00 SOLD
	Very nice French Doudou, French India, 1836. French cock standing, holding sceptre, 1836 underneath / Tamil inscriptions. Pondicherry mint. Nice thick chunky coin, 16mm in diameter. VF, exceptionally nice for these. Stock #22006.	US$ 25.00 SOLD
	Very nice French Doudou, French India, 1836. French cock standing, holding sceptre, (1836 underneath) / Tamil inscriptions. Pondicherry mint. Nice thick chunky coin, 16mm in diameter. VF, nice for these. Stock #22009.	US$ 14.00 SOLD
	Very nice French Doudou, French India, 1836. French cock standing, holding sceptre, 1836 underneath / Tamil inscriptions. Pondicherry mint. Nice thick chunky coin, 16mm in diameter. VF, nice for these. Stock #22008.	US$ 12.00
	Very nice French Doudou, French India, 1836. French cock standing, holding sceptre, 1836 underneath / Tamil inscriptions. Pondicherry mint. Nice thick chunky coin, 16mm in diameter. VF, nice for these. Stock #22010.	US$ 15.00 SOLD
	Very nice French Doudou, French India, 1830's.Flour-de-lis, no date / Tamil inscriptions. Pondicherry mint. Nice thick chunky coin, 16mm in diameter. VF, exceptionally nice for these. Stock #22007.	US$ 18.00 SOLD
	Very nice French cache (cash), French India, 1750's. Abstract figure / Tamil inscriptions. Pondicherry mint. 13mm in diameter. VF, nice for these. Stock #21107.	US$ 6.00
	Very nice French cache (cash), French India, 1750's. Abstract figure / Tamil inscriptions. Pondicherry mint. 13mm in diameter. VF, nice for these. Stock #21108.	US$ 6.00 SOLD
	Very nice French cache (cash), French India, 1750's. Abstract figure / Tamil inscriptions. Pondicherry mint. 13mm in diameter. VF, nice for these. Stock #21109.	US$ 9.00 SOLD
	Very nice French cache (cash), French India, 1750's. Abstract figure / Tamil inscriptions. Pondicherry mint. 13mm in diameter. VF, nice for these. Stock #21110.	US$ 7.00
	Very nice French cache (cash), French India, 1750's. Abstract figure / Tamil inscriptions. Pondicherry mint. 13mm in diameter. VF, nice for these. Stock #21111.	US$ 10.00
	Very nice French cache (cash), French India, 1750's. Abstract figure / Tamil inscriptions. Pondicherry mint. 13mm in diameter. VF, nice for these. Stock #21112.	US$ 8.00
Portuguese India The Portuguese were the first to arrive in India in 1498. The closing of traditional trade routes in western Asia by the Ottomans and rivalry with the Italian states, set Portugal in search of an alternate sea route to India. The first successful voyage to India was by Vasco da Gama in 1498, when he arrived in Calicut, Kerala. He proceeded to Goa. The Portuguese captured the entire coastal territory along India's western and eastern coasts as well as the island of Sri Lanka in the early 16th century. Portugal had established trading outposts in Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli along India's west coast. However Goa was their prized possession and their capital of the eastern hemisphere.
	Rare quality dinheiro, Sebastian (1554-1578), Portuguese India. Portuguese sailing ship right / Portuguese coat of arms. 18mm, 2.2 grams. Goa mint. Cast tin, superb condition for these, scarce, especially this nice! Stock #23752.	US$ 24.00
	Rare quality dinheiro, Sebastian (1554-1578), Portuguese India. Portuguese sailing ship right / Portuguese coat of arms. 18mm, 2.6 grams. Goa mint. Cast tin, superb condition for these, scarce, especially this nice! Stock #23751.	US$ 30.00 SOLD
	Rare quality dinheiro, Sebastian (1554-1578), Portuguese India. Portuguese sailing ship right / Portuguese coat of arms. 18mm, 2.4 grams. Goa mint. Cast tin, superb condition for these, scarce, especially this nice! Stock #23750.	US$ 32.00 SOLD
	Rare quality dinheiro, Sebastian (1554-1578), Portuguese India. Portuguese sailing ship right / Portuguese coat of arms. 18mm, 2.4 grams. Goa mint. Cast tin, superb condition for these, scarce, especially this nice! Stock #23758.	US$ 36.00 SOLD
	Rare quality dinheiro, Sebastian (1554-1578), Portuguese India. Portuguese sailing ship right / Portuguese coat of arms. 18mm, 2.3 grams. Goa mint. Cast tin, superb condition for these, scarce, especially this nice! Stock #23756.	US$ 25.00 SOLD
	Rare quality dinheiro, Sebastian (1554-1578), Portuguese India. Portuguese sailing ship right / Portuguese coat of arms. 18mm, 1.9 grams. Goa mint. Cast tin, superb condition for these, scarce, especially this nice! Stock #23755.	US$ 30.00
	Rare quality dinheiro, Sebastian (1554-1578), Portuguese India. Portuguese sailing ship right / Portuguese coat of arms. 18mm, 2.4 grams. Goa mint. Cast tin, superb condition for these, scarce, especially this nice! Stock #23754.	US$ 32.00
	Rare quality dinheiro, Sebastian (1554-1578), Portuguese India. Portuguese sailing ship right / Portuguese coat of arms. 18mm, 2.0 grams. Goa mint. Cast tin, superb condition for these, scarce, especially this nice! Stock #23753.	US$ 32.00 SOLD
	Rare dinheiro, Philip I-III (1580-1641), Portuguese India. Portuguese cross within a dotted border / Portuguese coat of arms. 16mm, 1.9 grams. Goa mint. Cast tin, superb condition for these, scarce, especially this nice! Stock #23757.	US$ 22.00
	Rare bazarucco, Philip I-III (1580-1641), Portuguese India. Portuguese cross within a dotted border / Portuguese coat of arms. 13mm, 1.2 grams. Goa mint. Cast tin, superb condition for these, scarce, especially this nice! Stock #23759.	US$ 18.00
	Rare bazarucco, Philip I-III (1580-1641), Portuguese India. Portuguese cross within a dotted border / Portuguese coat of arms. 13mm, 0.6 grams. Goa mint. Cast tin, superb condition for these, scarce, especially this nice! Stock #23761.	US$ 22.0 SOLD
	Rare bazarucco, Philip I-III (1580-1641), Portuguese India. Portuguese cross within a dotted border / Portuguese coat of arms. 9mm, 0.8 grams. Goa mint. Cast tin, superb condition for these, scarce, especially this nice! Stock #23760.	US$ 22.00 SOLD
	Rare quality bazarucco, Philip I-III (1580-1641), Portuguese India. Portuguese cross within a dotted border / Portuguese coat of arms. 10mm, 0.9 grams. Goa mint. Cast tin, superb condition for these, scarce, especially this nice! Stock #22762.	US$ 18.00